Pennsylvania Nutrient Trading

The following resources represent a collection of publications addressing legal issues relating to the Pennsylvania Nutrient Trading Program. Where possible, the Center for Agricultural and Shale Law has provided links or viewable copies of these publications. Nevertheless, it may be necessary to access some of these materials through an online legal research database.

• Adaptive Trading: Experimenting with Unlikely Partners, Melissa K. Scanlan, 62 Kan. L Rev. 971 (2014)
• C(r)ap and Trade: The Brave New World of Non-Point Source Nutrient Trading and Using Lessons from Greenhouse Gas Markets to Make it Work, Victor Byers Flatt,  52 Hous. L. Rev. 301 (2014)
• Nutrients in the Courts: Cooperative Federalism Entangles EPA Actions on Nitrogen and Phosphorus, Richard E. Schwartz, David Y. Chung, and Tony Mendoza, 44 ELR 10163 (2014)
• The Legal Status of Environmental Credit Stacking, Royal C. Gardner and Jessica Fox, 40 Ecology L.Q. 713 (2013)  
• Additionality and Water Quality Trading: Institutional Analysis of Nutrient Trading in the Chesapeake Bay Watershed, Kate Miller and Joshua M. Duke (25 Geo. Int’l Envtl. Law Review 521 2012-13)

• Transaction costs of nonpoint source water quality credits: Implications for trading programs in the Chesapeake Bay watershed, Gwendolen Rees and Dr. Kurt Stephenson, Department of Agricultural and Applied Economics, Virginia Tech (2014)
• Differences between Livestock and Crop Producers’ Participation in Nutrient Trading, Stacy Sneeringer (Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy 35(2) pp. 296-321, 2013) 
• In It Together: A How-To Reference for Building Point-Nonpoint Water Quality Trading Programs Overview (Part 1 of 3), Williamette Partnership (2012)
• In It Together: A How-To Reference for Building Point-Nonpoint Water Quality Trading Programs Designing and Operating a Program (Part 2 of 3), Williamette Partnership (2012)
• In It Together: A How-To Reference for Building Point-Nonpoint Water Quality Trading Programs Case Studies (Part 3 of 3), Williamette Partnership (2012)
• Nutrient Credit Trading for the Chesapeake Bay: An Economic Study, Chesapeake Bay Commission (2012)
• Nutrient Trading, Preliminary Investigation: Findings and Recommendations, Senior Scientists and Policymakers for the Bay, Nutrient Trading Subcommittee (2012)
• PA REAP Annual Report, PA Conservation Commission (2011-2012)
• How Nutrient Trading Could Help Restore the Chesapeake Bay, Jones et al., World Resources Institute (2010)
• EPA Water Quality Trading Evaluation, EPA (2008)
• Pennsylvania Nutrient Trading Program: Legal Issues and Challenges, Stephanie Showalter and  Sarah Spigener, National Sea Grant Law Center (2007)
• Getting Paid for Stewardship: An Agricultural Community Water Quality Trading Guide, Conservation Technology Information Center (2006)
• Comparison Tables of State Nutrient Trading Programs in the Chesapeake Bay Watershed, World Resource Institute
• Critical Issues in Implementing Nutrient Trading Programs in the Chesapeake Bay Watershed, STAC
• Facts About Nutrient Trading, Chesapeake Bay Foundation